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The response of distribution systems to changes in water treatment, e.g. replacement ofchlorine with chloramines or changes in the pH of the treated water, is strongly dependent on themineralogy of the corrosion scales attached to various parts of the system. These determinationsare particularly critical for lead compounds, of which there have been many reported.Knowledge of the crystal form of these compounds is a key contribution to models of leadbehavior. Therefore, it is necessary to understand both the mineralogy and the chemistry of thescales built up on the interior of lead containing materials in the distribution system and tocarefully quantify the scale compositions over their thickness in order to understand distributionsystem lead level responses to various water quality conditions and potential water qualitychanges.Metallic lead (Pb) itself is quite soluble in water and it is only the formation of protectivescales that brings the concentration of Pb down into reasonable ranges. For Pb, the dominantminerals found in distribution systems are simple oxides and carbonates. Phosphates are alsofound, and are increasingly relevant as systems turn to orthophosphate dosing to stabilize Pbscales. This array of minerals differs widely in solubility in water depending on the presence ofH+, HCOsub3/subsup-/sup, POsub4/subsup3-/sup, SOsub4/subsup2-/sup, and the total charge in the solution. Because Pb can occupy threeoxidation states, Pbsup0/sup, Pbsup2+/sup, and Pbsup4+/sup, the oxidation level of the water is also critical. Thisparameter is usually expressed as Eh, or the potential relative to a standard hydrogen electrode.As part of AwwaRF Project #3018, "Contribution of Service Line and Plumbing Fixturesto Lead and Copper Rule Compliance Issues", several lead service line pipes, meters and faucetswere obtained from participating utilities and sent to the University of Cincinnati for evaluation.Evaluation of the specimens consisted of visual and photographic observations and analysis ofsamples of scale removed from the interior surfaces of these specimens, as follows:digital macroscopic and microscopic images;collecting a representative scale sample(s) from the specimen for analytical analyses;X-ray diffraction (XRD);scanning electron microscopy (SEM);Laser Raman spectroscopy; and,X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Includes extended abstract only.

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Edition: Vol. - No. Published: 11/01/2006 Number of Pages: 2File Size: 1 file , 310 KB